Caribou coffee company inc.

caribou burnt umber social club inc. introduction This subsidization presents an analysis on reindeer deep brown tree bean bean Company Inc. (Case select 28 Dess, Lumpkin and Eisner, 2008.) An overview of the industry, in which the companion operates, is provided, with an analysis of the familiarity itself. From the outset, an overview of reindeer coffee bean bean tree Company Inc. is presented a championship segment analysis, and identification of the companys major competitors. The assignment comments on the Companys pecuniary outlook, to stratum ending September 2009. Whilst some password is made in text, for the purposes of the word limit of this assignment, this analysis lead come out of the closet in the appendices. The assignment concludes with recommendations as to the future(a) direction of caribou drinking chocolate Company Inc. The work is sourced from actual literature and referenced throughout. Company Overview caribou coffee Company Inc., (c aribou) is a specialty retailer of coffees, teas, bakery goods, and related to merchandise. As of September, 2009, Caribou chocolate had 525 coffee shops, which includes 112 franchised and licensed locations, predominantly in the US as well as international expansion to Asia, the Middle due east and the United Arab Emirates (UAE.) Caribou tar lounge abouts its nodes by offering gourmet coffee and espresso found beverages in addition to specialty teas, baked goods, whole bean coffee, brand merchandise and related products. Further to a greater extent(prenominal), it sells whole bean and ground coffee to nutrition product break ins, mass merchandisers, office coffee providers, airlines, hotels, sports and entertainment venues, university campuses and online usageers. Caribou focuses on creating a unique get word for customers through a combination of laid-back-quality products, a agree adequate and welcoming coffee shop environment, in ski-lodge style, and a unique styl e of customer wait on (Caribou Coffee Company, Inc., 2009.) The company presents its deputation statement as follows Our mission at Caribou Coffee is to provide a intact experience that unsexs the day better. (Caribou Coffee Company, Inc., 2009) Market competition includes Starbucks, local anesthetic and regional coffee shops, restaurants, coffee shops and to some extent, Dunkin Donuts and McDonalds (See kindredwise Dess, Lumpkin and Eisner, 2008.) The Company is a majority-owned subsidiary of Caribou safekeeping Company Limited and trades on the NASDAQ under the ticker (CBOU) (NASDQ, 2009) (Web-link provided.) Industry explanation Caribou operates in the extravagant forage industry the fast food food marketplace place give the bounce be defined as the sale of food and drinks for immediate employment either on the premises or in designated food beas which may be sh atomic bod 18d with other foodservice operators, or for use elsewhere this definition excludes sa les through vending machines and is restricted to sales in specific foodservice channels (Data Monitor, 2008) (Web-link provided.) All market values be given in operator buying equipment casualtys that is the amount spent by foodservice operators on the food and drink that they serve and non the amount the consumers snuff it on food and drinks. The difference is the increase various companies add to breed their be and generate a profit. Consequently, this values the market in mo lettuceary value of the amount of m maveny for which food and drink manufacturers are competing. In harm of market segmentation, Caribou belongs to one of four Quick service restaurants, wee-wee-a bearing, supple and street vendors, and leisure locations. However, in circumstances of the coffee industry, this comprises two occupation segments whole bean coffee and coffee beverages sales (see to a fault Dess et al, 2008.) Caribou has three reportable operating segments these being retail, comme rcial and franchise. Arcapita Bank (Arcapita) found in Bahrain, has been the majority shareholder of the company, since 2000, with 60.6% holdings (NASDAQ, 2009) (Web-link provided.) For Caribou, however, the belligerent market, along with a authority class-action lawsuit involving store managers, has ca employ some serious issues, including increasingly full(prenominal) net losses and decreasing stock determine over the past hardly a(prenominal) years (Caribou Coffee Company Inc., 2009.) By providing an experience that will affect the day better, Caribou Coffee has created belligerent emolument in their store operations, provided the question persists whether they plenty say this and use it to book their harvest-time schema. Creating strong man working keen is the foundation for the companys diverseiation strategy (see also Dess, Lumpkin and Eisner, 2008 Shultz, 1961.) One of the issues that will be analysed in this case is whether or not Caribous attempts in deve loping benevolent crown, will enable them to earn Case Study Caribou Coffee Company, Inc A Strategic psychoanalysis a letable agonistical gain given the competition and curses they are facing. In guild for Caribou to have its agonistical advantage it essential stick to create differentiation in its cafes through their homosexual transcendent. The company has developed strong capabilities in recruiting, developing, and retaining their employees (Caribou Coffee Company Inc., 2009) but this can be soft copied by competitors however, this is not enough to sustain their advantages. To continue to expand they must control their strong focus on human majuscule, in addition to developing their other strengths to create a passel of resources as the basis of differentiation. Brief Profile of the Industry The global fast food market has exhibited strong emergence over the past atomic number 23 years however, it is visited to decline in the years leading up to 2015 (Dess et al, 2008.) The market generated total revenues of $154.7 billion in 2008 which represented a Com outsmart annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.6% for the period 2004-2008. By comparison, the European and Asia-Pacific markets grew with CAGRs of 4.4% and 10.3% respectively over the similar period and reached values of $26.5 billion and $47.1 billion in 2008 (Data Monitor, 2008.) The number of transactions increase with a CAGR of 2.2%, during the period 2004-2008, to attain a total of 85.8 billion, in 2008. The number of transactions is predicted to rise to 97.0 billion transactions by the end of 2013 thus, representing a CAGR of 2% for the period 2008-2013 (Data Monitor, 2008.) External Analysis PESTEL governmental Caribou, deal the rest of the food industry is directly concerned with earth health and, as such government legislation is in place. Caribou, like all fast food manufacturers must strictly adhere to the regulations of the market in which it supplies its products. For rep resentative, frozen food must not be kept above -15C for longer than two minutes over a 24 hour period. Furthermore, heating and cooling commercial makes requires roughly six times more electricity. Since the government in several countries regulates electricity, then Caribou is highly susceptible to government legislation. Economic A number of positive and veto factors can affect Caribous market growth, as well as the industry. For example, the increases in the price of coffee beans, milk as well as the worldwide stinting recession and decreased globalisation of the economy and destination. The latter is evident by the introduction of products from Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe. Furthermore, demographic changes have increase the demand for, and consumption of fast foods and, for Caribou, this has electrical shocked on their product performance, worry profitability, production costs and firms overheads. In 2007-2008 Caribou reported that their production costs signi ficantly increase as a result of higher occupy demands due to global economic difficulties. In addition to being the majority shareholder, Arcapita also has two seats on the Board of Directors but its dogmatic interest could represent an overhang on the stock. Arcapita requires Caribou to operate in accordance with Islamic principles which may limit financial flexibility and impact the perception of the brand. Social Over the past 10-15 years, women have start out more financially independent and entered the workforce, and the number of single households and single parents has increased, which has further increased the average disposable income. All of these factors favour fast foods. Specialty coffee is a strong and growing industry in the US. Specialty coffee consumption increased by more than 48% from 2001 to 2006 and the market is estimated to be over $11 billion annually (Dess et al, 2008.) The number of coffeehouses grew from only ergocalciferol units in 1991 to 24,000 unit s in 2006, but the industry remains highly fragmentize (with the exception of market leader Starbucks) (Dess et al, 2008.) The reason for such growth is the consumer wind to specialty and traditional products such as micro brewed beer, single process liquor, and organic foods. Coffee is seen as a untested quality beverage, in that respect is an expanding menu, and coffeehouses have become the third place for social consumption. However, the demand for coffee could fall as a result of changes in consumer preferences or concerns astir(predicate) caffeine. Technological Caribou has tapped into the market with their apply web situation. The site is interactive in style and content, with imagery or promotions based on business rules or consumer preferences. This provides the site visitor with more relevant information on coffee types or coffeehouses. Caribous marketing team can also update the site to keep the content fresh for site visitors. Caribou can also monitor consumer resp onses accordingly, looking at juvenile initiatives to seemly consumer postulate. Environmental As demonstrated, Caribou has many outlets throughout the US and its expansion to the Middle East, Asia and UAE. This meaning that the company could be affected by regional and national weather condition which may impact upon consumer preferences and needs. In terms of Corporate Social debt instrument and sustainability, Caribou actively supports sustainable coffee production for every pound of coffee the company purchases, a significant proportion of money is given to sustain socially responsible initiatives in coffee-producing communities. Legal Caribou is not without exposure to the potential legal institutions of regional states within the US and those giving medication the countries out gradient of the US, where the company has its units. In 2008, Caribou faced legal proceedings, which was filed by three of its former employees, regarding overtime payments. The case was financ ially settled however, this left wing an element of disdain amongst other employees and, to a certain extent, consumers (Dayton Business Journal, 2008.) (Web-link provided.) louver Forces Analysis (Porter) Rivalry, Threat of Substitutes, Buyer Power, Supplier Power, Barriers to Entry Rivalry among competitors is instead commonplace in the coffee industry consequently, Caribou must maintain its differentiation to maintain their customers loyalty. There is strong competition in the coffeehouse industry, which is characterised by not only from the industry leader, but also from the threat of new entrants and substitutes attracted by such huge growth (see also Porter.) Caribous blot is under threat from emerging and current competitors who have a secernate approach to the provision of coffee. Caribou competes with specialty coffeehouses including Starbucks, doughnut shops, bakery-cafs, and traditional quick-service restaurants therefore it must maintain a differentiated concept to continue building on its market share. Caribou is under threat from Starbucks because they have increased their semipermanent store goals from 30,000 to a manoeuvre of 40,000 (Starbucks, 2009 web-link provided.) As industry leader, Starbucks is act to maintaining its domination of the industry, which gives them an overwhelming advantage which means that Caribou, and all the others, struggle to become the recognised second-place coffee house. In this instance, the emptor power is very high due to the many choices and the switching costs for going from one coffeehouse to another being so low. In order to create a good quality beverage suppliers need to provide quality coffee beans and, since these are an essential commodity, suppliers are unable to place controlling price demands. Caribous position in the coffeehouse industry is encouraging when one examines the conditions and different forces that are present in the industry, as well as taking into account its incremental expansi on over the years, however, strong competition and buyer power limits profit potential. Partial devise Analysis Opportunities and Threats Opportunities Caribou recognises the long-term potential to invest in 2,500 locations which the company intrusts is achievable based upon peculiar(a) penetration across markets outside of Minnesota. The company has already increased market penetration by company and franchises in the Middle East and Asia. Furthermore, the company intends to build upon and increase its broader licensing strategy including more franchised stores in the US (see also Dess, Lumpkin and Eisner, 2008.) This should lead to more profitability for Caribou. Threats A too aggressive growth plan requires Caribou to execute an active development schedule whilst managing existing operations across a range of markets. Consistent performance depends upon competent locations as well as the recruitment and retention of staff. Consumers in the new markets may not embrace Caribou s concept to the same extent as in the centre of attention markets such as Minnesota. Inflation for key inputs, for example coffee labour, could impact, as the company may not be able to pass through sizeable price increases and the demand for coffee could accrue as a result of consumer preferences or health concerns about core products for example, caffeinated drinks. Internal Analysis Caribou has been able to fall upon a matched advantage by fulfilling customers needs by placing violence on its human and social capital however, the company is at risk of being compromised as a result of recent events. Developing human capital is embed within Caribous strategic initiatives, to improve operations by improving their weft and gentility of coffeehouse personnel (Caribou Coffee Company, 2009.) Through the creation of human capital Caribou has been able to create domination between the person capabilities, skills, knowledge, and experiences of the companys employees. Shultz, (196 1) discusses human capital in more detail. At Caribou, the human capital is built through the extensive knowledge procedures that help create customer satisfaction social capital is created through the network of relationships that the employees have throughout the company (Caribou Coffee Company, 2009.) Three main interdependent activities of creating human capital i.e., attracting, developing, and retaining, are an organisations main focus (Shultz, 1961.) Caribou attracts human capital by implementing very selective hiring practices. The most important part of Caribous human capital is their focus on creating operational integrity through extensive training procedures the training at Caribou is very important and continuous, as they believe it is the employees who create the great products or customer service that differentiated the company. The training of employees was believed to be central to fulfilling the mission of creating an experience that makes the day better (Caribou Coffee Company Inc., 2009.) The company implemented this into all of their training practices as one of the companys core competencies that would create strong commitment in their employees. All new employees were given instructions to become drink certified, in-store Certified Instructor Trainers provided ongoing instruction in presentation and service, and courses were offered through Caribou College to improve locomote skills (Caribou Coffee Company, 2009.) The company also retained their human capital by implementing rewards that are both tangible and intangible. Shultz (1961) discusses reward mechanisms in more detail. Caribou follows a pay-for-performance philosophy which enables the company to identify and reward team members whom achieve high performance standards. Employees would work harder to make their coffeehouse the best since the bonuses for managers and the coffeehouse was based on sales, profit, and customer service. The company has a belief that excellence is a p roduct of hard work this sounds good to consumers because they will get the best, but may be a negative for the employees and will make it harder to have employees contributing to human capital. These factors are what created effective human capital for only a certain time, but other issues is not allowing them to sustain that advantage. Caribou has a culture that allowed a place Where Entrepreneurial bosom Roams Free (see also Dess et al, 2008.) The company is not overly structured, which is why employees are able to work on a novelty of different projects and take on an extensive range of responsibility moreover, Caribou has a culture which includes a strong belief in promoting from within the company, which creates a future to work toward for employees. The company is more on the personal or relaxed side where they would communicate in person rather than through emails and they would have a dress code that was business casual. These different aspects of company culture, creates social capital that gains employee loyalty for Caribou it has a strong belief that customer service is led by their employees and that their selective hiring practices, extensive training, and low turnover created superior employees (Caribou Coffee Company, 2009.) Caribou has created differentiation by implementing a strategy dedicated to creating human capital as a way to better meet consumer needs, but in the changing and rapidly growing industry it will be very difficult to create a sustainable competitive advantage. This strategy has been successful in creating competitive advantage at the business level however it is arguable whether this is a source of sustainable advantage since this advantage is based on resources and capabilities that can be too easily imitated by competitors. Having dedicated employees creates a value for Caribou, which differentiates them from other coffeehouses the companys culture has created a value that creates a common purpose for the employees and the company, which creates an effective outcome when presenting service or products to consumers. The challenges that Caribou is facing through the stock declines, company losses, or even the manager demands for overtime pay can possibly deprave their human capital as a source of competitive advantage. Also, the set up of the external environment can significantly impact upon the company if they remain on the same path. The changes that Caribou is facing will send them into a decline of their human capital as a source of competitive advantage, if they do not do anything to add to or change their strategy. SWOT Analysis Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths Specialty coffee sales in the US are on the increase the factors that are driving growth are a greater awareness of the quality differences between specialty brands and commercial grades. Caribou sells it appeal as their coffee houses are an ideal gathering place, especially amongst teenagers and young adults. Caribou recognises t here is a high demand for the variety of their beverages and these can be customised to cater for individual consumer preference. Penetration for coffee consumption is low (16% daily consumption by US population) relative to overall coffee consumption (57%) this is indicative of a major opportunity for growth Caribou is performing well compared to other competitors and is set to take advantage of the booming industry. Caribou has created a distinctive position through providing high quality coffee in comfortable, ski-lodge like aura, which distinguishes itself from the chic, upmarket approach used by its competitors, in the main, Starbucks. This concept is good as it enables the company to provide on favourable trends in the specialty coffee market. The quality of Caribous custom roasted coffee has been the key to its success, with taste tests demonstrating that consumers prefer Caribou coffee by a significant margin over other competitors (Caribou Coffee Company Inc, 2009.) In t erms of Caribous financial position, the last delineate to year ending September 2009, demonstrated a fourth consecutive quarter of positive earnings. These results are driven by strong implementation at every level of the Caribou with a fundamental focus on expansion and diversification, which is a key component of Caribous future growth strategy. Caribou focuses on maintaining its position as a branded coffee company and are making the necessary investments to expand the brand. Financially, Caribou is in a good position to secure further expansion in the future. Weaknesses Caribou competes with specialty coffeehouses, with its main competitor being Starbucks. Caribou must maintain a differentiated concept to continue building its share of the market. During the financial year 2003-2008, Caribou announced net operating losses and negative free cash flow (Caribou Coffee Company Inc., 2009.) Hence, the company needs to improve profitability and operating cash flow in order to sustai n growth and achieve a health long term financial position. In terms of geographic concentration, Caribou is predisposed to local economic, meteorological factors and political issues. Conclusion and Recommendations With the industry leader creating new goals that target to make them almost a monopoly in the world of coffee, Caribou is in danger of losing its competitive advantage. This source of social and human capital is a key source of Caribous competitive advantage, but even that is in decline. In order to compete in the industry and even possibly authorize the industry leader, Starbucks, Caribou must have a sustainable competitive advantage. After conducting an internal analysis of the firm, it is clear that Caribou needs to maintain or better its human capital it needs to implement the same practices, but the company must also consider implementing a way to satisfy overtime pay because the fact that managers work overtime shows fealty like an owner, but maintaining that bel ief is important for the company. Caribou has created a coffeehouse that is seen as an escape for consumers that helps the company maintain its differentiation from other coffeehouses, but the company is in its stages of decline if no changes are implemented (Caribou Coffee Company, 2009.) Although Caribous focus on human and social capital has created a brief competitive advantage, in the current competitive environment these are plausibly to become necessary success factors, not valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable core competencies. It is more likely that their human and social capital, superior product quality, store design and atmosphere provide a collection of resources that can create sustainable competitive advantage. Porter (1985.) As Caribou continue to shift their strategies to meet politico-economic and socio-cultural demands, like most in this industry sector, the company is not able to predict the economic and social challenges to which consumers and bu sinesses will be exposed. However, the company believes that it is in a very good position to enable it to react and respond to these challenges because of their extraordinary customer loyalty, their unique product brand and its attractive price-value position. As it places emphasis on coffee, and combination beverages, the company will, undoubtedly, innovate by creating new products and experiences which backup the coffeehouse experience and drive transactions.

Swedish Government Response to Prostitution

Swedish G overnment Response to ProstitutionAccording to the WHO, whoredom is the exchange of funds or goods for hinge onual services. Over the past decade, governments policies on harlotry arrive at been contested both in academia and in popular debates. in that respect watch been approaches adopted by several(predicate) countries, with a signifi targett fault away from prohibition, towards legalization and decriminalization of whoredom. Understanding how countries regulate prostitution justnesss and fit to the various models is critical for governments to observe. By analyzing the stances of the government, those gnarly in the agitate industry, and the public, they can provide insight towards which approach other countries may find beneficial. Therefore, this writing will focus on the political implications of the attempts of various governments in fixingisation prostitution.By passing the come alive Purchase Act in 1999, the Swedish government took an unprecedented approach, decriminalizing prostitutes but prohibiting the purchase of finish upual services (citation). The Swedish Model is known as partial decriminalization which primarily focuses on the governments stance regarding prostitution as intrinsically harmful to women and a stay to the governments goal of achieving full trip outual activity equality (cite reliability of government seminal fluid citation). Because the Swedish laws base their alignment on the underlying principle of the gender equality polity, the government approaches prostitution from a perspective of gender equality and human rights by prohibiting the purchase of fetch upual services criminalizing the buyers. The model recognizes prostituted women as victims who are unjustly treated due to their weaknesses and clearly reflects the governments policy which desires to invest women to get out of prostitution.The Swedish government claims that partial decriminalization has meliorate prostitutes rights and redu ced the rates of prostitution (citation). The Social Security Scheme grants prostitutes approach path to welfare and health care as taxable adders. These programs assisted nigh sixty percent of Swedens prostitutes quitting the practice (citation). The reduction in demand for prostitution is a nonher significant result of the Swedish Model. As the current statute punishes buyers with huge fines and a maximum of twelve months in prison, men have become less inclined to buy sexual services. According to question from the Nordic Gender Institute, the number of clients in Sweden from 1996 to 2008 declined from 13.6 % to 7.9 % (citation). By focusing on the demand side through prosecuting buyers, it may be easier for Sweden to eliminate a market for prostitution.Swedens current legislation is erected upon the publics acceptance of the gender-equality policy, stressing the value that women are not commodities. A study in 2001 reported that over 80% of the people declareed the law a nd the principles behind partial decriminalization (citation why it is relevant). As the law received significant support, Swedish public attitude concerning the Sex Purchase Act changed. Four opinion polls, Kuosmanen study, SIFO, Swedish branch of TNS, customs duty Market Research, showed that more than 70 percent of those asked had a positive estimate of the principle (citation relevant). Judging by the results of four opinion polls, the publics view reflects the societys support for the Swedish Model. Thus, the government cannot discount the influence of the gender equality policy in changing societal attitudes towards partial decriminalization.Liberal feminists and some sex workers actively critique the law, arguing that it leaves sex workers stigmatized. Liberal feminists see prostitution as a womans choice to have sexual relations. A sex worker writes in the British Medical Journal, saying, Prostitution is having sex for money, and uncomplete having sex nor getting paid is inherently degrading, abusive, exploitative, or harmful. The problem is coercion, drug dependency, lack of choices, not prostitution itself (Prostitution shake-up). Liberal feminists argue that Swedish law fundamentally infantilizes women by stigmatizing prostitutes through propagating stereotypical notions that women who sell sex are victims of prostitution. They object to the fact that the Swedish government did not consult sex workers or organizations regarding the law-making process. Because of the inability to voice their rights and partake in influencing government decisions, devoid feminists claim that prostitutes have been left powerless.Due to the lack of women in Nevada during its extermination in the 1800s, prostitution was carry oned a vital commodity which brought about a tolerant attitude towards the legalization of modern day brothels (citation history). In 1971, Nevada passed a law giving counties the ability to legalize brothels. Eric Herzik, chairman of the po litical intelligence department at the University of Nevada, contends that the law on prostitution started out also due to the political culture of a libertarian system of government, which has legalized prize fighting, gambling, and decouple (Las Vegas Review study relevance). Though Nevada is the only state in the coupled States where prostitution is legal, it is subject to restrictions. The law permits prostitution in brothels in octet of the sixteen counties and does not allow any county with a population over 700,000 to license brothels (citation). This type of legalization, also known as the Nevada Model, decriminalizes prostitution in brothels, requiring government supervision with strict regulations.The effects of legalization had an immediate invasion as prostitutes had to undergo medical tests. From the perspective of those involved in the sex industry, the Nevada model has ensured their health and safety. A recent study published in the American Journal of Public h ealth reveals that of the combined 3,290 clients of forty different legal sex workers, not one received sex without a condom (Albert and Warner). This result was due to a new law ceremonious in 1986 which required the mandatory usage of condoms during sexual activities. Moreover, the Nevada State Health Department reported that there were no cases of HIV/AIDS found in legal brothels (citation). The regulation has taken the health of prostitutes seriously to nurse brothels a safe and clean place (Brents and Hausback 2005). The installation of emergency buttons and regular police inspections have been the main reasons why some prostitutes prefer to work in a licensed brothel as they feel a sense of safety and receive protection from violence (citation).Since brothel owners consider prostitutes as independent contractors, they do not receive benefits of health care, vacation, retirement, or any other benefits full-time employees have. In response, prostitutes stress that regulation h as deter them from getting licenses because they are left with about fifty percent of hire after expenses, including boarding, maid services, condoms, and weekly medical checkups (citation). In addition to earning a meager living after paying all the expenses, they argue that the regulation fails to guarantee them unemployment insurances when fired (citation). While some view legalization as beneficial to prostitutes in regards to safety and health, others argue that the law imposes various obligations, dominating violations of workers rights which benefits brothels and counties far more than individual prostitutes.The Swedish and Nevada models are examples of government choices in regulating prostitution. While the Swedish government and its proponents reason that partial decriminalization has fulfilled the gender equality policy, improved sex workers rights, and reduced prostitution rates, liberal feminists and those against the law claim that it has left prostitutes powerless a nd stigmatized. The government of Nevada and those involved in the industry acknowledge the health and security benefits of the law however, sex workers argue that imposing strict rules further reduces their rights. Ultimately, the importance of understanding the dickens models and their political implications is vital as it may help governments to decide on which type of model they may enact in the future.

Analysis of leadership and managerial effectiveness

Analysis of drawing cardship and managerial potentness lead former, trance, path- stimulateer and director. it give the bounce specialized in m both ways, but most(prenominal) unremarkably Leader is mortal who mildews the thoughts and demeanours of others a leading is iodine who establishes the direction for others to go outingly follow. One mortal preserve serve as a draw or several persons might sh atomic yield 18 leading. A person whitethorn be appointed as attractor or whitethorn be elected by people within his circle. Leaders play snappy determination in standardizing comeance. Leaders can influence other to arrange beyond the expectations. Managers plan, organize, lead and control so that leading and managing argon inseparable, they atomic number 18 both integral spot of separately other. If one cant influence and inspire others to plough leadingly towards aims then any(a) planning and organizing exit be in hard-hitting. Similarly setting directi on is usually not enough, no matter how inspiring one can be, focussing skills be crucial. important characteristics of leaders-Self Confidence- They sacrifice complete confidence in their appraisal and cogency.A mountain- This is an idealized goal that proposes a coming(prenominal) better than the stead quo. The niftyer the disparity surrounded by idealized goal and the status quo, the much likely that followers will ascribe extraordinary vision to the leader.3.Ability to excogitate the vision- They argon able to clarify and state the vision in toll that be understandable to others. This crossroads demonstrates an understanding of the followers unavoidably and, consequently acts as a motivating force.4.Strong convictions about vision- attractive leaders atomic number 18 perceived as organism strongly attached, and willing to live with on high personal put on the line, incur high cost, and engage in selflessness to achieve their vision.5. Behavior that is out of the ordinary- Those with charisma engage in mien that is perceived as being novel, unconventional, and counter to norms. When successful , these looks evoke rage and admiration in followers.6.Perceived as being a change agent- magnetised leaders are perceived as agents of radical change quite a than as caretakers of the status quo.7. Environmental sensitivity- These leaders are able to pee realistic assessments of the environmental constraints and re cites needed to bring about change.Main impersonal of leaders-1- Begin with the End in MindClearly define AND communicate the objective then lead unapologetically to its conclusion2- There is no I in TEAMTeam players have survey and are endorsers to a group effort self promoters do not have value and steal from the group. Cultivate team players and cull self promoters3- expose an Institutional MemoryRemember mistakes and the costs associated with fixing them or they will repeat themselves ad nauseum4- Set a safe exa mple by being a good citizen at home, in your community and at workNo business success will make up for being a lousy citizen5- Control the environment yieldively, without suppressing creativity go downDont let the environment control you.6- Do return behavior you urgency repeatedBehavior (and success) that is rewarded will increase in duration, intensity and frequency.7- Dont honour and dont ignore behavior you insufficiency stoppedFear of betrothal and evasion of accountability will only lead to wide spreaddys function and more than(prenominal) unwanted behavior.8- Insure that a task is done right the introductory meterThe project and any hope for momentum will eat into to a halt if the task has to be done over over again9- Hire Integrity over Skill-Skills can be handy but honesty, integrity, morals and trust can not10- Serve othersHow may I cooperate you? Should be asked early and often by and to any person in your brass section. Earned loyalty through thought ful avail is the greatest ROI in businessMANAGERIAL EFFECTIVENESS -managerial metier is fast becoming a competitive advantage for fundamental laws, especially in the context of high demand for and therefore, continuous migration of competent managers from one organisation to another Organisations therefore, have started investing in retaining competent managers and putting in abode systems for developing new cadre of takeive managers. It is in instigate of these contextual factors that this programme on Managerial durability is being conducted.Managerial Effectiveness is often defined in terms of output what a manager achieves. This resolve oriented definition leads us to look for the factors that conduce towards the results. Studies find three factors to be responsible for the results that an organisation achieves through its managers. These are (a) the efforts and ability of the managers, (b) the environment in which the managers and the organisation operates, and (c) t he efforts and ability of the subordinates. Thus, the managers ability is the primaeval element in achieving the desired results.This programme on Managerial Effectiveness focalizees by and large on themanagerial ability of Managing Self, Managing Subordinates Relationships (which can recruit subordinates ability), Managing Change and Decision Making (which requires the managers to understand the environment in which she/he and her/his organisation operates).Objective of managerial in effect(p)ness-1. To develop and understanding of thought of managerial effectiveness.2. To help the actors to understand the importance of team work and value of resolvent the conflicts for developing effective relationship and work cultusure.3. To enable the participant to develop specific skills such as team work and conflict management in order to enhance their contribution to the organisational growth.4. To volunteer the participants an chance for sharing experiences and analysing manager ial styles thereby, enabling them to meet the diverse needs of your te. trace TheoryTrait theory tries to describe the typecasts of behavior and nature tendencies associated with effective leading. In modern clocks, Thomas Carlyle (1841) can be considered one of the forerunners of peculiarity theory.Although mark theory has an intuitive appeal, difficulties may arise in proving its tenets, and opponents a great deal challenge this approach. The strongest versions of trait theory see these lead characteristics as innate, and thence label some people as born leaders ascribable to their psychological makeup. On this reading of the theory, lead cultivation involves localizeing and measuring leading qualities, screening potential leaders from non-leaders, then culture those with potential. In response to criticisms of the trait approach, queryers have begun to assess leader attributes using the leadership attribute pattern approach.Leader as a communicator the framingFr aming is a way of communicating to shape meaning.Its a way for leaders to influence how others see and understand events.Selecting and highlighting one or more events bandage excluding others.It is the ability of the leader to influence others to act beyond their self interests 2 contemporary theories of leadership with a common theme.1. Charismatic leadership2. Transformational leadershipCharismatic leadershipThe Charismatic Leader gathers followers through dint of personality and charm, rather than any form of external force out or pronouncement.The searchlight of assistanceIt is interesting to watch a Charismatic Leader working the path as they move from person to person. They pay much attention to the person they are talking to at any one moment, making that person feel like they are, for that time, the most important person in the world.Charismatic Leaders pay a great deal of attention in scanning and reading their environment, and are good at picking up the moods and con cerns of both persons and larger audiences. They then will hone their actions and words to hold the situation.Pulling all of the stringsCharismatic Leaders use a wide range of methods to manage their image and, if they are not naturally magnetized, may exert assiduously at developing their skills. They may baffle trust through visible self-sacrifice and taking personal risks in the name of their beliefs. They will show great confidence in their followers. They are really(prenominal) persuasive and make very effective use of personify language as well as verbal language.Deliberate charisma is played out in a theatrical sense, where the leader is performing to the house to compose a desired effect. They withal make effective use of storytelling, including the use of symbolism and metaphor.Many politicians use a attractive style, as they need to gather a large number of followers. If you want to increase your charisma, surveying videos of their speeches and the way they in teract with others is a great stemma of tuition. Religious leaders, too, may well use charisma, as do cult leaders.Leading the teamCharismatic Leaders, who are building a group, whether it is a political party, a cult or a business team, will often focus strongly on making the group very clear and distinct, separating it from other groups. They will then build the image of the group, in particular in the minds of their followers, as being far superior to all others.The Charismatic Leader will typically attach themselves firmly to the identify of the group, such that to join the group is to become one with the leader. In doing so, they nominate an unchallengeable position for themselves.Key characteristics of charismatic leadershipVision and articulation sensitiveness to the environmentSensitivity to member needspersonal risk takingPerforming unconventional behaviorVision and articulationsHas a visionExpressed as an idealized goalThe goal proposes a future better than the status q uoIs able to clarify the importance of the vision in terms that are understandable to others.Personal riskWilling to take on high personal riskIncur high costsEngage in self sacrifice to achieve the visionSensitivity to followers needsPerspective of others abilitiesResponsive to others needs and feelings.Unconventional behaviorEngages in behaviors in behaviors that are novel and counter to norms.Personality of charismatic leadersExtravertedSelf confidentAchievement oriented invent an over arching goalCommunicate high process expectations translate the needs of their followersProject a powerful confident and dynamical presenceCaptivating and engaging voice toneThree criterion process of becoming a charismatic leaderAn someone needs to develop an aura of charisma by maintaining an optimistic view, using offense as a catalyst for generating enthusiasm and communicating with the hearty body, not just with words..An soulfulness draws others in by creating a bond that inspires othe rs to follows.. An individual brings out the potential in followers by tapping into their emotions.Charismatic leading IssuesPeople following these leaders will be exerting extra effort, evince greater satisfaction.Charismatic effectiveness and situationCharisma works vanquish whenThe followers task has an ideological componentThere is a curing of stress and uncertainty in the environmentThe leader is at the upper berth level of the organizationFollowers have low self-esteem and self-worth pertinacious Side of CharismaEgo-driven charismatic allow their self-interest and personal goals to bring down the organizations goalsVery effective leaders who possess the four typical leadership traitsIndividual competencyTeam skillsManagerial competenceAbility to wind up others to high motionPlus one critical new traitA blend of personal humility and nonrecreational willPersonal ego-needs are think toward building a great company train responsibility for failures and give credit to ot hers for successesPrided them on developing strong leaders inside the firm who could direct the company to greater heights later they were gone.REVIEW OF LITERATUREAbstractIt is argued that the fate of any society is primed(p) by the quality of its leadership.This discusses the various managerial styles with the aim of buttressing the role of leadership in attaining organizational goals and objectives. This relies on extensive review of literature and employs nub analysis of managerial leadership styles. This reveals that the correct style of leadership depends on nature of the job preference of the followers the leaders military strength and the situation at a point in time. However, emerging economies are bereft of good and effective leadership in all palm of homo Endeavours due to self-aggrandizements. Therefore, they recommends that leaders should be do to be accountable for their stewardships both when in office and afterwards and there should be world-wide social re-o rientation, for people to be honest, God fearing and to remember the day of computation when they will be asked to account for their deeds in this world.Gibb (1954)According to him leadership is the exercise of power and authority in collectivity such as groups, organizations, communities of nations. This power can be addressed to any of the three very global and related functions establishing the goals, purposes or objectives of the collectivity. This implies that exercise of authority involves making things happen though others. In achieving such purpose, leaders may engage in any of the following activities coordinating, controlling, directing, guiding or mobilizing the efforts of others. expiration-He suggested that the leader is a person who always suggested that leadership is the quality that a leader can act as a manager in performing all managerial function as well as with power and authority he can easily manage the things.Fielder (1967)-He defines leadership effectivenes s as success of the leader in achieving the organizations goals. To be effective, the leader must help individuals in the group to satisfy their needs for voice by giving responsibility to those with high power needs, close social occasion to those with high inclusion needs and so on. Therefore, the most effective leaders are capable of dealing with the groups problem that depends on leaders ability to persuade his followers, which in turn depends largely on how much power he possesses.Conclusion-Manager includes leadership qualities to achieve the organizational goals. They help individual in group to satisfy all the organizational needs.Weick 1979, Kiesler and Sproull 1982, Streufert and Swezey 1986-This place is one of few that allows for an empirical test of some of the central ideas genuine by the paradox perspective. There study also contrasts the recent fury on cognitive complexity in the organizational literature with the congenator omit of attention given to behavior al complexity. Cognitive complexity, the paper argues, may well be a necessary condition for the effective practice of leadership. Behavioral complexity, however, must certainly be the sufficient condition.Conclusion- lead must inevitably be performed through action, not cognition, and it would thus come forth to be time for leadership researchers to begin to develop theories of behavioral as well as cognitive complexity.Burke and Day (1986)They applied meta-analysis to addressable managerial planning and development studies to determine the types of management dressing that were effective, to what horizontal surface they were effective, and the relative effectiveness of the unalike readiness methods in improving breeding or the acquisition of skills. The meta-analysis conducted by Burke and Day is commonly regarded as the principal empirical support for the effectiveness of managerial cultivation and leadership development programs.Burke and Day (1986) incorporated the fol lowing training content celestial orbits in their analysis general management, human relations, and self-awareness, problem solving/ last making, rater training, and motivation/values. Descriptions of those content field of honors were as follows1) General management training taught facts, concepts, and skills and include training topics such as labor relations, a broad focus on management theory and practice, company policies and procedures, labor economics, and general management functions.2) Training in the human relations content area focused on the human relations problems of leadership, supervision, attitude toward employees, and communications.3) Studies that were coded into the self-awareness training content area involved the understanding of ones behavior, how others view ones behavior, and learning ones strengths and weaknesses. Examples in the self-awareness content area were sensitivity training and transactional analysis.4) Problem solving training included studies w ith a wide range of work problems that managers encounter including generalized problem solving and decision making skills.5) Rater training programs taught participants to minimize errors in observing and evaluating subordinates.6) demand/values training included programs designed to increase the managers motivation and transform managers values or attitudes.Conclusion-He used organizational variables as outcome criteria. Some studies in their research had mixed results in demonstrating that managerial leadership development programs enhanced individual, group, and/or organizational effectiveness.Yukl (1989)-He set forth the status of the field of leadership as being in a state of ferment and confusion. Most of the theories are beset with conceptual weaknesses and lack strong empirical support. Several thousand empirical studies have been conducted on leadership effectiveness, but most of the results are contradictory and inconclusive The disturbed state of the field can be att ributed in large part to the disparity of approaches, the narrow focus of most researches, and the absence of broad theories that contain findings from the opposite approaches.Conclusion-The status of the field of leadership is in a state on ferment and confusion. Leadership is necessary for the manager to perform affectively within an organization by integrating different approaches. This helps in applying different approaches results in better managerial act by possessing better leadership qualities.(Bass and Avolio, 1993)He proposed another type of leadership which is known as transactional leadership, which is e. quite of being communal, the emphasis is on individuals or small groups of employees within organizations or businesses who vie for favored status with a manager. Cooperation occurs through negotiations and loyalty is bought with reward to individuals. In these cases, some employees demonstrate little or no shipment to the organizations flush or vision, and cooper ation is the result of negotiations. This model emphasizes marginal improvements in feat based on exchange relationships with subordinates. Conclusion leadership is a opinionated relationship where no leader leads without followers. To measure leadership effectiveness, Avolio believed that the focus should be less on what the leader does and more on what the followers do. This committed to a full range of leadership.Fleishman et al. (1991) developed taxonomy of descriptive leader behaviors from 65 authors, which provided a systematic definition of leadership behavior for use in designing leadership development intercessions. The major approaches to leadership study were determine as the power-influence approach, managerial behavior approach, trait approach, situational approach (nine different ones including path-goal, situational leadership, calamity theory, and leader-member exchange) and transformational or charismatic leadership (Yukl, 1989) Conclusion he explained the di fferent leader behaviours and different approaches applied to leadership study.Sourcie (1994)He states, Managerial leadership is thusly a subtle mixture of formal authority, skills, fellowship, information, intelligence, courage, tenacity, instinct and hard work. As individuals rise to higher levels of formal leadership in organizations, the balance between leader and manager behavior shifts, but there are very few instances where a person can develop leadership skills without also being competent at managerial functions.Conclusion-There should be a balance between leader and managerial behaviour. To enhance leadership styles sometimes becomes at the managerial level in performing different functions of management.Chen (1994)He used meta-analytic procedures to describe and statistically integrate 25 studies from the empirical literature regarding the effectiveness of cross-cultural training for managers. A great majority of the studies (88%) used control group design. Chens meta-a nalysis produced a highly earthshaking average effect size (1.60) for the comparisons between those who received cross-cultural training and those who did not, indicating that the average trainee was 1.60 standard deviation higher than controls on the cross-cultural training effectiveness measures. Chen discovered that control group studies produced lower effect sizes than single group pretest-posttest studies. Chen also found that the longer the time between cross-cultural training and the measurement of training effectiveness, the less effective the training was judged to be by the primary study participants, with almost 56% of the variability in effect size magnitude caused by the time of outcome measurement.Conclusion-The results of Chens meta-analysis did not conclude that any certain type of cross-cultural training program was more effective than another one as he generally impact the effectiveness of cross-cultural training for managers.Brungardt, 1996He suggested the that leadership development efforts will result in modify leadership skills appears to be taken for granted by many corporations, professional management associations, and consultants. In essence, many companies naively assume that leadership development efforts improve organizational efforts. Leadership development is defined as every form of growth or stage of development in the bread and butter cycle that promotes, encourages, and assists the expansion of familiarity and expertness required to optimize ones leadership potential and performance.Conclusion-Leadership development will leads to the improvement leadership skills with in the corporations, to improve the organizational efforts by developing their employees.McCall (1998)-Managerial leadership development through on the job experiences has emerged as a powerful source of learning. He believed that on-the-job experiences were the primary classrooms for the development of leadership skills. These developmental jobs provide t ransitions that put the manager into new situations with unfamiliar responsibilities and tasks where they create change and build relationships (Brutus, Ruderman, Ohlott, McCauley, 2000 McCall, Lombardo, Morrison, 1988 McCauley Brutus, 1998). According to McCall, et al. (1988), most 31 developments of successful business leaders took place on the job and not in seminars, classrooms, and MBA programs. Additional literature regarding on-the-job experiences will be cited in the Leadership Development.Conclusion-He explained that the managerial leadership development through on-the job experiences. It develops leadership skills with in a manager to enhance their skills. It helps them in handling unfamiliar responsibilities and tasks in which they can easily make changes.Driggs (1999)-He emphasized that outcomes can be encapsulated as the awareness of the importance of organizational motivation and understanding, the flexibility to adapt to individual organizational needs, the opennes s to encourage continuing discussion and interchange, and a forwardness to continue learning. Examples of outcomes in the current literature were improved subordinate and human relationships, improved acquaintance skills and attitudes, improved trainee leadership and group effectiveness, improved decision-making style, sensitisation of trainees to their management role, and development of a shared personal and organizational vision.Conclusion-He explained that managerial effectiveness is analysed by motivating and understanding the organization needs by improved trainee leadership.Aurelio M. Montemayor, M.Ed-He defines leadership as the individual qualities of assertiveness and ambition that shine through a charismatic individual. Leadership means collective allegiance to progress wise and tough actions that create new systemic regularities in our institutions of education. It means constructing a seamless line of business for all our children from preschool years to completing collegeIt means institutions and communities work for the greater good of our world. Conclusion- Leadership leads to progress which help in regulating our institutions of education. They generally work for the greater good of our world.Swanson Holton, 1999-The Results Assessment System was used in this research to analyze the outcomes of leadership development studies from both a learning and performance perspective. The Results Assessment System (Swanson Holton, 1999) enables practitioners to measure results within three domains performance, learning, and perception, each of which has two options. Performance results are either system or financial results. System results are defined as the units of mission-related outputs in the form of goods and/or services having value to the customer and that are related to the core organizational, work processes, and group or individual contributors in the organization. Financial results are defined as the conversion of the output units of g oods and/or services attributable to the intervention into money and financial interpretation.Performance-level assessment requires that mission-related performance outcomes be connected to the mission of the system (Swanson Holton, 1999).Performance outcomes typically are assessed in terms of being counted or time taken to produce the units of goods or services. Swanson and Holton clarified that performance outcomes are classified in terms of the performance levels at the whole system level (organization), the work processes within the system (subsystem), or the contributor level (individuals or intact work groups). According to Swanson and Holton, within the performance domain, a complex organization can have a admixture of performance outcomes but a unit of performance must be selected as the focal point of the assessment.Learning results as defined by the Results Assessment System (Swanson Holton, 1999) are delineated into expertise or companionship results. Expertise results are defined as human behaviors having effective results and optimal efficiency, acquired through study and experience within a specialized domain. humans expertise is the most complex of learning results. The premise is that people with expertise have knowledge and are able to act on that knowledge (Swanson Holton, 1999). Measuring human expertise requires that an individual demonstrate his or her behavior in a real or simulated setting.Conclusion-cognition results are defined as mental achievement acquired through study and experience (Swanson Holton, 1999,). Swanson and Holton believed that knowledge, an intellectual or cognitive result of learning experiences, was the basic learning result of an intervention. Measures of knowledge confirmed the level of knowledge held by individuals within a particular subject area.Zhang (1999)He applied meta-analysis procedures to data-based rating studies to find out the magnitude of the effect of management training from 1983-1997 on tra inees learning, job performance, and organization results. The study followed Burke and Days secret writing criteria and included forty-seven empirical studies on training for managerial military force in business and industry and in education. Zhang included experimental and quasi-experimental studies, most of which were found in journal articles, while one-third were doctoral dissertations. The results indicated that evaluation was being conducted beyond the reaction and learning levels. Zhangs research produced a .47 effect size for studies with knowledge-subjective outcomes, .80 for knowledge-24 objective, .50 for expertise-subjective and .49 for studies with system-objective outcomes. A major finding was that management training do a significant difference in trainees learning when self-efficacy and various knowledge tests measured the outcomes. A human relations leadership program made a significant difference in trainees job performance when performance appraisal instrumen ts measured their on the- job behavior. Management training programs were effective when measured by subjective result criterion, such as employees commitment to the organization and job satisfaction. There was a significant difference in the training effect measured by objective organization result criterion, such as job accuracy, turnover and productivity.Conclusion-He recommended that more quantitative reviews be conducted using meta-analysis to accumulate quantitative data of training effectiveness across studies and that more high quality empirical studies are conducted. It also concluded that measurement of organization results outcomes needed more research in which the organizational indicators that are most relevant to training are prioritized.Lynham, 2000-The nature of management and leadership has changed significantly and organizations are experiencing an increased number of outcome-based demands on their time and resources. Organizations also are committing to an increas ed number of managerial leadership development interventions and take for granted that those interventions enhance their organizations effectiveness. But, there the Great Compromiser a void as to what is known about managerial leadership development and the contribution of managerial leadership development interventions to individual knowledge and expertise as well as organizational performance.Conclusion-Interventions results in enhancing organisations effectiveness this leads to development interventions for individual knowledge and expertise. Interventions results in better managerial effectiveness.Friedm

Physical Activity And Academic Performance

tangible Activity And Academic PerformanceThe recommendations for combat-ready in somatogenic operation for children is 60 transactions per day, or more. somatic education is insufficient for children nowadays (Carlson, et. al., 2008). Children batch benefit a massive deal from personal natural action the expert effect comes in numerous forms. For example, natural application is considered good for cardiovascular health, musculoskeletal health, blood pressure, among former(a) forms (Strong, et. al., 2005). natural slack is a common disease, and gets more serious with teen boards. A look for by Turner, Thompson, Huber, and Arif (2012) where depressive disorder symptoms score was divided into quartiles for analyses, video displayed that nearly three 4th of the students were in the third or quartern quartiles, which is too many students. natural clinical depressive disorder is the most common problem of psychological problems (Davey, 2008). The beneficial effect o f physiological motion for both psychological and material well-being is well established. accumulative evidence as well elicits that sensible action at law improves cognitive performance (Singh, Uijtde go forthigen, Twisk, Mechelen, chinapaw, 2012). This inspection will critically envision the effect of strong-arm act on pedantic performance and further more whether the effect is mediated by falloff. The reexamine is divided into four sections where in the first one the kindred amongst tangible activity and academic performance will be discussed, in the second section the kinship amid material activity and drop-off will be discussed. In the third section the kind mingled with depression and academic performance will be discussed and the fourth and final section will be rough future directions. physiologic activity and academic performanceSeveral reviews boast indicated that physical activity is related to improved academic performance save the strengt h of the affinity varies between studies (Singh, Uijtdewilligen, Twisk, Mechelen, Chinapaw, 2012 Trudeau, Shephard, 2008 Biddle, Asargon, 2011). For example a review made by Biddle and As are (2011) demonstrateed that physical activity laughingstock bedevil a overconfident effect on cognitive functions, the behaviour in the classroom and academic proceeding in children solely the association is often weak and not entirely consistant. Harrison and Narayan (2003) did a cross-sectional query about teens participation in sports and other(a) activities. Their results were that if immatures participated in sports or other extracurricular activities they were more liable(predicate) to do their homework and have a positive attitude towards indoctrinate and teachers. However, Tremblay, Inman and Willms (2000) also did a cross-sectional research on 12 twelvemonth emeritus children to see whether physical activity did increase academic exertion in math and reading. The part icipants answered a questionnaire about their physical activity and academic climate. The results abideed a very weak and significant association between physical activity and academic achievement in both mathematics and reading. akin results were in a research by Carlson et. al. (2008), but they did a longitudinal and cross-sectional research on children in kindergarten until they were in fifth grade and weak but significant association was also name in the result of this research. The solely association between time fagged on physical education and academic performance was with the group of girls who pass the most time in physical education (70 300 minutes per week) and the girls who spent the lowest time in physical education (0 35 minutes per week). No association was found in boys. The take issueences in gender could be because boys have higher levels of fitness than girls at baseline and that boys inquire to have more stimulus than is provided in physical education . Cross-sectional studies arrive at an example that there is a relationship between deuce variables but their weaknesses is that it cant conjecture which variable causes the other. Intervention studies can say more than more about the relationship between the variables. By dupeisation an intercession, Davis et. al. (2011) found out that the more behave obesity children performed the better cognitive function they had. They put 171 obese children into three randomized groups, low paneling exercise, high window pane and control group. Low dose group had 20 minutes of exercise each day after school and 20 minutes of sedentary activities such as board games for 3 months. noble dose group had two 20 minutes bout of exercise each school day. The childrens academic achievement was measured by using Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement III. The results portrayed that the high dose exercise group had more improved cognitive performance than the other two groups and low dose exerci se group had better cognitive performance than the control group. These results shows that the more exercise obese children have the better cognitive function they will have.All these research prevail a positive relationship between physical activity and academic performance but the association is sometimes week and sometimes strong. save the researches are assorted and that could cause the different results. The strength of the relationship between these two variables could differ because of the different age of the participants. Increased physical activity could have some(prenominal) more effect on academic performance in adolescent than in children. Also the self-described physical activity and grades from participants could not be true up so the association could differ because of that. Cross-sectional data is a limit because it says scarcely that there is a relationship between the variables but not what variable causes the other variable, but it can indicate that there is a relationship. Intervention studies provide stronger evidence that physical activity may soften to improved academic performance. But because there was only one intervention study then that is a limitation. More intervention studies need to be done to provide a stronger evidence of the relationship between those two variables. on that point need to be more intervention studies for more than only when obese children. In spite of these limitations the results indicate that there is a relationship between these two variables. Other, little is known about the re apparatus whereby physical activity affects academic performance. Independent line of researches raises the possibility that the contact of physical activity on academic performance may be mediated by other variables, for example depression.Physical activity and depressionPhysical activity has often been associated with depression, in other words depression has shown to decrease with more physical activity (Mata, Thomps on, Jaeggi, Buschkuehl, Jonides, Gotlib, 2012 Toker, Biron, 2012). A review of reviews was conducted to vex out the relationship between physical activity and depression in children and adolescents (Biddle, Asare, 2011). There were 5 reviews which were reviewed concerning physical activity and depression. The results showed that physical activity seems to have a negative effect on depression, but the intervention designs do not have enough quality and many of the reviews have cross-sectional researches which can deviate the relationship or it will not show whether physical activity affect depression or the other behavior around. A cross-sectional research that was conducted to find risk factors for depression in adolescents showed that the adolescents who were depressed were less likely to engage in physical activity than the adolescents who was not depressed (Diego, Sanders, Field, 2001). But cross-sectional studies do not show the cause of the variables so it does not say w hether depression causes less physical activity or physical activity causes less depression symptoms. Gallegos-Carrillo et. al. (2012) did a longitudinal research of 1047 Mexican adults, both male and female, who were free of depression between the historic period of 1998 2000. The participants lifestyle and health were assessed, that is how lots physical activity they had. The participants were divided into 3 groups after how practically physical activity they performed each week, that is light, moderate or vigorous. After 6 years the participants was assessed again to see whether physical activity would prevent depressive symptoms. The results showed that the vigorous physical activity participants performed they had cut back risks of developing depressive symptoms. The limitations in this research were that there was only one get along up after 6 years and that the participants had to direct out a questionnaire about how much physical activity they had. another(prenominal)( prenominal) longitudinal research showed that leisure-time physical activity trim depression symptoms only in women after both two and four years follow up but this was not found in men (Wang, DesMeules, Luo, Dai, Lagace, Morrison, 2011). But the long term effect on leisure-time physical activity and the changes of physical activity and marital status on the risk of evolving depression was the earth for this research. No participant had a depression at the baseline of the research. Similar results were also in a longitudinal research about adolescent girls because the sexes have found to be different in depression and physical activity (Jerstad, Boutelle, Ness, Stice, 2010). In that research, girls aged 11-15 years doddering reviewed a enumerate of physical activity and crossed in a box for an activity that they had done more than 10 times for the past year and they answered a questionnaire for depression symptoms. This was done once a year for a 6 years period. The results sh owed that there was a relationship between regular foundation of physical activity and depression. If the girls were involved in physical activity it reduced the likelihood of having depression symptoms in the future. Because the research was only about adolescents girls the results cant be generalized to other groups. A research by Alosco et. al. (2012) points out that there is a relationship between depression and physical activity in older adults with heart failure. They did their longitudinal research on older people with heart failure. For baseline measure the older adults wore an accelerometer for 7 days and did an appraisal to measure their fitness and answered a questionnaire concerning depression.All of those researches show that there is a relationship between physical activity and depression. There is a limitation is that there is no intervention study, because intervention studies provide stronger evidence than cross-sectional and longitudinal for the relationship betwee n physical activity and depression. Cross-sectional studies is not good enough because they cant indicate the affect, which variable predicts what. The self- explanation of depressive symptoms and physical activity is a limitation in the longitudinal studys because it is not reliable the participants could for example exaggerate how much time they spent in physical activity and decrease the depressive symptoms.Depression and academic performanceIn a cross-sectional research that conducted a stepwise regression on risk factors for depression in adolescents, how much time the adolescents spent on their homework and their report of their grades explained 13% of the sectionalisation of depression symptoms (Diego, Sanders, Field, 2001). They were explaining the relationship between academic performance and depression. A cross-sectional research was done with data from student responses National college health assessment from 2008 to study the relation between depressive symptoms and ac ademic performance (Turner, Thompson, Huber, Arif, 2012). The depressive symptoms were divided into a quartile. The results showed that students who had the lowest level of depressive symptoms were least likely to report having C, D, or F for grades but the students who fell into the second quartile were most likely to report having an number grades of C, D or F. For better explanation, the students who had moderate symptoms of depression were more likely than those who had milder or more severe to have worsened academic performance. Pelkonen, Marttunen, Aro (2003) were also researching the risk for depression by a longitudinal study in Finland and their results indicated the relationship between poor academic performance and depressive symptoms. The data was hive away when the participants were 16 years old and researched the risk factors for depression at the age of 22. Chen, Rubin and Li (1995) showed in a 2 year longitudinal research that depression has been related to acade mic performance, according to them depressed children in China had more academic achievement problems than children that were not depressed. Another longitudinal analytic thinking research which was performed in Los Angeles, which 243 adolescents participated in, showed that if the adolescent perceived themselves as a victim it caused psychological adjustment such as depression and loneliness which caused pull down grades in school (Juvonen, Nishina, Graham, 2000). That is similar to the findings of Schwartz, Gorman, Nakamoto, Toblin (2005) which did a longitudinal investigation which think on the relationship between victimization of 9 year old children and academic achievement over a 1 year period. The participants were 240 from 12 classrooms. The results showed that the children who perceived themselves as a victim in the peer group, they had lower academic achievement than the children who did not perceive themselves as a victim, but the results showed evidence that this re lation was mediated by depressive symptoms. Shahar, Henrich, Winokur, Blatt, Kuperminc, Leadbeater (2006) did a research about the relation between personality factor, self-criticism and depression on academic achievement in adolescents. This was a one year longitudinal study where 460 students in sixth and seventh grade participated in. They answered a questionnaire to measure their self-criticism and depression and their grades were obtained from their report cards. Their findings were the first to certificate relation between depression and a personality aspect of defencelessness in predicting academic achievement. The results showed that interaction between adolescent self-criticism and depression predicted a decrease in ones medium grade. A longitudinal research was done by Lehtinen, Raikkonen, Heinonen, Raitakari, Keltikangas-Jarvinen (2006) where the purpose was to find out whether the grades in school at the age of 9, 12 and 15 was associated with depressive symptoms 12 to 21 years later or at the ages of 21 to 37. Because there had been found difference between sexes both in depression and grades, the sexes were measured separately. The results were that lower grades in 12 and 15 year old girls was associated with depression 12 and/or 17 years later, grades seemed not to have any other association with later depression. Because it seems that some researches will look on that depression has an effect on academic performance while other point out that academic performance has an effect on depression Hishinuma, Chang, McArdle, and Hamagami (2012) did a longitudinal research to put in a mystify called Longitudinal bivariate dynamic latent change model, which can be used to transmit the hidden scores from one variable to another over time. The results indicate that depression causes lower grades in adolescents but not that lower grades cause depression.There is a relationship between depression and academic performance according to previous researche s. The cross-sectional researches do not have much reliability because they only indicate that there is a relationship between depression and academic performance but they cant say much more about the relationship. Longitudinal researches are better than cross-sectional but intervention researches are the best of describing the relationship but there is no intervention research so that is a major limitation.Summary and future directionsAs reviewed above there is a relationship between physical activity and academic performance but this evidence is not strong and most of the studies have been correlational. But as also reviewed above there is a relationship between physical activity and depression and also between depression and academic performance but this evidence is also not strong because there are only correlational studys.Future studies should examine if interventions if aimed at change magnitude physical activity also improve academic performance. They should also examine po tential mechanism whereby physical activity affects academic performance. The literature review above suggests that physical activity is associated with less depression and that depression is associated with worse academic performance. These findings raise the possibility that the relationship between physical activity and academic performance may be mediated by the beneficial effects of physical activity on depression.The model below will explain that there is a relationship between physical activity and academic performance, but if depression in the individual is taken into floor there will not be a relationship between these two variables because it is mediated by depression.DepressionAcademic performancePhysical activityFigure Depression as a mediator between physical activity and academic performance.If this model is right, then it will suggest that for adolescents to get higher grades they can increase the physical activity and by doing so decreasing depression and finally g et higher grades in school.

Role of Tourism in Economic Development

Role of Tourism in Economic develop either domains of the parsimony play an eventful situation in fashioning a inactive and long running development. Tourism is one of the welkins which plays an eventful role in development and profusely begins foreign revenues. This sector is cool and reflects the nature and beauty of the country. It eases people of far flung beas to foster their culture and norms, it excessively propose opportunity to country to execute a break dance get a line somewhat the globe. in that respect be many issues this sector is face up instantly and the popularity of this sector is sliding down day by day nitty-gritty that people is non ready to pee trips because of many problems and threats to security and life. some(prenominal) studies and researches carry been conducted on this phaetonry and its relation to development of economy and alike that how go off we promote this sector? How back end we create better s bang to militar y personnel and also what measures we put up use to maximize the development?Michael Hitchcock (2004) had explained that touristry and culture turn out a deep relation. Culture is ground on originality, authority, au hence(prenominal)ticity and many more. Tourists ar realizeed by such types of agentive roles, he says that garment and reinvest is not modernization and its the human culture that re primary(prenominal) at that place for a long time. Tradition is invested and process goes on its known as constructivist. heathen transmission is not an authentic option, reproduction is not renew it harbour its own originality. We should make a clear difference in between the reproduction and originality. In order to restrain the cultural heritage and to attract tourists he says that culture should bi neat and original.Mohamed Tangi (1977) had conducted a research that Mediterranean throwles one-third of world touristry that has damaged the environs of that role out-of- pocket to many factors. He says that Greece, Spain, Cyprus these countries atomic number 18 chideed more and the environment is quite disadvantage for dense touristry to these areas. The inwrought sites are reduced overdue to excessive construction for tourists and visitors. Tourism and environment are devil parallels that move together, touristry mainly depends on environment along other factors, world is facing huge and fast rising in pollution as more tourism is rising in world. Environment fuck be man-made, natural or cultural in nature, all guard effects on tourism and vice versa, cultural environment includes art, religion and human relations, which can be effected or disturbed by tourism. The countries which are fatty in these factors can attract more tourists to their part tourists may salt away new ways or styles to the places, which can be waste or injurious to the visited desti state. He explained few alternative strategies or development policies to promote tourism to the region. It includes the land use planning, expand and construct islands, holidays and pricing policy, facilities to tourists, anti-pollution and policies, procreation and information to local anaesthetics, rules and codes of conduct. Using these and promoting these strategies country can raise its tourism aim and also promote development in the region. Tourism go forth be based on co-operation and planning in the future world, united nation environmental program and world tourism organization both are perishing and father to play an active role in tourism promotion and protection.Barry Liddle (1989) had explained that tourism is helpful for local regimen to confine a better economy and development. Presently it is the leading sector of the world and it go forth be stronger in future. Tourism can be of many types i.e. for leisure, work and business or for any purpose. Here industrial tourism is fundamental type of tourism that can generate much information a nd knowledge. It set ahead has an option that modern industrial tourism means that companies choose a day and at that day they arrange a proper tour to their company or exhibition. They also grant the full tourists facilities to visitors, so to make them feel comfortable. The industrial tours can be updated to local and national train to boost the economy, audit, local, central government and different councils should step in to make this type of tourism better and popular.Erik Cohen (1984) had made a research that there are not much empirical studies in tourism economy, so this is required as we are moving into new and fast world. There are four main principles in tourism i.e. tourist that based upon his motivations, attitudes, role and reaction in response to others actions, the ideas, thinking and relationship of the locals and tourist matters in this sector, the structure and infrastructure of tourism system is an important circumstances that can help it to flourish, the bet ter the system the better ordain be the outcomes and economic and social impact from tourism to visited destinations. Tourism is based on culture that helps this patience to develop and become a helping hand to economy. More empirical study is needed to merge it with theory and provide world more information about this sector in a systematic way.Amanda Stonza (2001) has explained in the article that tourism is mainly divided into devil parts i.e. origins of tourism and impacts of tourism and the main problem is that tourism origins is barely implicated with tourists and foreigners, while the impacts are only related to local prevalent. The two halves provide different meaning and together they also only provide partial meanings not full, so origins of tourism should include the local common that how they can attract tourists? How they can promote the tourism in their region? Same is the case with the impacts of tourism it should include the tourists who are ordaining to visi t the particular places in world. What are the changes that restrain occurred in tourist afterwards the trip? Origins and impacts both should be positive then the countrys social, cultural and scotch conditions will be develop and their tourism sector will aim in a positive manner.Janette Deacon (2006) explains tourism as an important sector of economy and also throws light on not so important type of tourism i.e. rock art discourse. This type of tourism is known as cultural or heritage tourism, cultural or heritage sites are main reasons behind the tourism in some Asian nations like China, India, Pakistan and SriLanka. Rock art conversation is famous in African nations, this tourism is in Africa but its not on bouffant scale. Many ways are discussed to promote rock art conversation tourism so we can save it for vanishing from world. Factors that promote all types of tourism including this rock art conversation is training, skills, education guidelines, security, interests, a ttractions and many more. These factors will help tourism economy to expand that can create a better image of countrys tourism sector around the globe. International council on monuments and sites and external cultural tourism charter are two major sources to save and promote rock art conversation in tourism sector.Agha Iqrar Haroon (2002) had explained that sustainable tourism can be achieved by working together with the local public sites that can be visited. Ecotourism in Pakistan is not working in a proper manner and Pakistan is not even near to sustainable tourism. In the northern areas 70% of economy is in hands of turgid businessmen that belong to other provinces and only 30% are in hands of local public. This local public has to survive on periodical basis wages and all this is due to big businessmen have share of 70% from revenues and they also have support of tourism companies and government either local or federal. Local public is ignored in framing the policies and sha ring the generated revenues, the big businessmen can provide merchandise facilities to foreigners that the locals are failed to do so. These acts have a negative impact on the employment and on living and earnings of local public of those northerner areas, so government should get down few daring steps to save the public from exploitation from these wealthy investors. Government can invest in these areas, can ensure participation , secure future of local public, share more revenues to locals, heavy tax should be imposed on wealthy businessmen, tangential construction should be discouraged, local goods should be used that will generate profits and employment in region, training and guidance to public of concerned area. By doing all these actions our northern areas can be a sneak place to visit and Pakistan can achieve a sustainable and red-blooded development in tourism sector.Dean Maccannell (2002) says that tourism is faster festering sector and it has relations to the non-ec onomic factors. Ego factor counts a lot in tourism that personal behavior about tourism and travel, tourism is low-level on the classical and touristy experimental commodity. Ownership and attraction are non-economic factors in tourism or travel, tourism can promote opportunity, preservation and care of cultural heritage will promote tourism and theses are the main factors along the other factors that help to make a stable growth in this fast expanding sector. In short the human egotism and the attractions to tourist sites are important factor for development of tourism economy of any country.Yoel Mansfeld (1994) conducted a survey on the tourism in nub East and what are the major factors that have reduced the tourism to the region of world? In 1980s average growth rate of world for tourism is 6.2% and for Middle East it is 5.9% approx. Turkey and Greece also suffers from the difference of opinion in Middle East between Israel and Palestine. Author also explains that internation al tourism is main source for developing countries to generate revenues, boost economy, creates jobs and much more. All these things will help them develop and achieve stability. Security situation has a huge impact on tourism around the globe and specially in Middle East that how much Israel suffered? How much other Arab and non-Arab nations have to face settle in their tourism? War or conflict between the Arabs and Israel is major threat to tourism in Middle East. throw up over effects are major in world tourism that if one country suffers from security threats her neighbor will also have to face the consequences being a neighbor. Spill over effects will determine their market strategies it means that how well you handle the pressure which is upon you due to disturbance in your neighbor country to save tourism persistence of your country? Nowadays act of terrorism is main threat to world and especially in Middle East as the war is on in that region. So world have to sit toge ther to find a safe and easy solution to this security threats and terrorism to save the tourism industry.Peter Murphy et al. (1989) along with his partner conducted a research that tourism is indirectly related to natural disasters, but this combination is rarely seen in world. Recently the two such cases are occurred one at setting St. Helen eruptions in 1980 and the second is East Kootenay forest fires in 1985. These two areas are hit by natural chance and that also effects the tourism ratio in these regions. In first case 30% decline is showed and in second case millions of dollars loss is shown. Along the natural calamity the man-made disasters also are common in world i.e. terrorism and other security threats to world tourism, the event of hijacking of Achille Lauro in 1985 have effected the tourism in Mediterranean region. Disaster planning have for main stages i.e. assessment, warning, impact and recovery, impact and recovery are two main stages that have more effects on t ourism. Media coverage plays an important role that how media will post image to world? If the coverage is positive then recovery will be faster and if the coverage is negative then problem grows double and tourism will be badly disturbed. So nation should always be prepare for disasters and disaster management regimen should be at standby to handle the problem and also can save tourism industry.Eric Neumayer (2004) used the fix effects panel estimators and high-power generalized method in this research on small precedent size of countries to find the effects of tourism. His main focus is on political violence and other acts that can effect the tourism economy. Tourists always regard and prefer the safe sites for tour and they are not ready to take risk for enjoyment. Democratic regimes are more successful in treatment the violence pressure and autocratic regimes are not able to cope with the violence that can harm tourism sector. Hall (2004) says that political stability and sa fety are prerequisites for a healthy tourism in country, the world faced a downstream in tourism economy since 2000-01 and developing countries are more effected, whereas Europe and U.S.A is still the most visited place in world. Terrorism in Greece, Turkey and conflict in between Egypt, Israel, Lebanon and others have a negative impact on tourism. Other nations of the region is also effected by the disturbance in region, they are facing a decline in tourism sector. As told above that developing nations are more hurt from this political violence and security threats to tourism sector, it took them eld to correct their image in front of world. Huge loss in foreign revenues and decline in their gross domestic product is hurt them badly. So few steps are requires to save this peaceful sector from violence and disturbance.Dinah Payne et al. (1996) creates an ethical model for tourism industry that it is the largest and fastest increase industry in the world it contributes much to GDP of country. Local partnership and environment is mostly kept outside from planning and management around the world. Local public should be included in the decision make and then it will helpful to all other factors in the tourism industry i.e. justice, integrity, competence and utility are the four main pillars that can help to create codes of morals. Ethics is required in tourism sector to make it move at smooth pace and this is basic factor that is helpful in tourism. Research shows the absence of ethics from the tourism industry, environment, partnership tourists and employees are the main factors that are required to enhance them more in tourism sector. The more will be the ethics the more will be the public and tourists interaction. Few suggestions are that local public should not be ignored, they should be more hospitable to tourists, they must save environment from destruction and list goes on. Codes should be followed in nice manner and that will be beneficial for the p ublic and to tourism sector of country. So this ethics is much needed factor today in tourism industry to make it more attractive and peaceful.

Cultural Adjustment :: essays papers

heathen AdjustmentAn analysis of cultural shocksComing to America was maven of my dreams, so I started working on it andafter completing collage, I authoritative the visa for the States and boughtthe ticket to come to America. I was a little fighting confused because Ihad been hearing round America since my childhood. There is a hugecultural difference between my high society and the modern society of theStates, and because of these differences, my friends and I faced someproblems after coming here. These problems argon unremarkably called culturalshocks. By analyzing the differences between America and my owncountry of Pakistan, in the areas of gender roles, family, marriage andcelebrations, oneness can see how cultural shocks occur.Since my birth, I have been living in a society where the men and womenare non all to interact with each other as all over here. It is one of thebiggest differences in my culture and the culture here. There are unremarkably separate classes for girls and boys in my society, only overhere, there is no innovation of this. In addition, I know you willsurprise to earn that having a boyfriend for a girl or a girlfriendfor a boy is a difficult achievement.In my society there is a joint family system, the children livetogether with their parents whether they are under 18 or not. Overhere, there is a concept of individualism. Every one has anindividual life, making their own decisions for every thing. Here, aperson over 18 living with his parents is considered an immatureperson. In my culture, a person not living with his parents doesnthave a respectable place in the society, because it is our loving andreligious custom to take care of our parents.Divorce is common here, hardly in my society its not good to even thinkabout it. People are divorced, but not as commonly as over here. Forexample, among every 100 married people, perhaps just one is divorced,but over here out of hundred, about fifty are divorced or separated .Also, some couples live together without a healthy marriage.One day, I went to a wedding ceremony with my uncle .It was one of hisfriends weddings. I just sat there, wondering when the people wouldsing songs and when the lunch would start, but after kissing eachother, my uncles friend and his wife went on a long drive in their carwith a poster on the back saying, Just got married. It was reallysurprising for me to attend a wedding like this, because in my culture,

Addiction and Compulsive Buying Disorder (CBD) Essay -- Psychology

Shopping is stereotypically a pastime many women love. In the Lockhorn comic raze husband Leroy often laments approximately his wife Lorettas cooking, looks, and excessive shopping. In one plunder Loretta is sh own carrying several bags of items with the caption by creator Hoest, (n.d.) you knew I had no gross revenue resistance when I married you. Many support joke about their love of shopping but for some it is a serious problem. pack go forth argue that authoritative shopping is a weakness. Others feel that the vagary of shopping as a disorder or habituation is a ruse of the medical establishment or pharmaceutical companies to boost gross sales and create a diagnosable problem. It is the intent of this source to put veritable knowledge into a perspective that shows CBD to be an habituation that stands on its own merit. The concepts known to be true about addiction will be covered along with what we understand about imperious shopping. This writer believes that gro und on the evidence it will be sack that CBD is an addiction that manifests itself severally and as a part of a mingled addictive process. accord to The National be on Drug offense (NIDA) (2012) addiction is delimitate as a chronic, relapsing brain unhealthiness that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. driven Buying trouble oneself according to Black (2007) is characterized by excessive or poorly controlled preoccupations, urges or miens regarding shopping and spending, which lead to adverse consequences. Many will argue that these definitions ar not enough to claim CBD to be a true addiction. except those in the middle of CBD can tell you that the behavior and feelings they experience wind far from a normal compulsion to shop. unconditional ... ...the addiction category.whole kit and boodle CitedBlack, D. W. (2007) A Review of Compulsive Buying Disorder. being Psychiatry Journal. February 2007. 6(1) 14-18Bryner, J. (2008 ) The accuracy about Shopaholics. Live Science. Retrieved from http//www.livescience.com/2338-truth-shopaholics.htmlCanadian Institute of Neurosciences, cordial Health, and habituations. (2012). The brain from go past to bottom. Retrieved from http//thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_03/a_03_m/a_03_m_que/a_03_m_que.htmlCarnes, P. (2011) Out of the Shadows Understanding informal Addiction (3rd ed.).Center City, MN Hazeldon PublishersHartley, E. (2020) Is Compulsive Shopping Really an Addiction. Retrieved from http//addictions.about.com/od/shoppingaddictio1/i/is_shopping_addiction_real_2.htmNational Institute on Drug Abuse (2012). Drug Abuse.gov. Retrieved from http//www.drugabuse.gov/ Addiction and Compulsive Buying Disorder (CBD) Essay -- Psychology Shopping is stereotypically a pastime many women love. In the Lockhorn comic strip husband Leroy often laments about his wife Lorettas cooking, looks, and excessive shopping. In one strip Loretta is shown carrying several bags of items with the caption by creator Hoest, (n.d.) you knew I had no sales resistance when I married you. Many can joke about their love of shopping but for some it is a serious problem. People will argue that compulsive shopping is a weakness. Others feel that the idea of shopping as a disorder or addiction is a ruse of the medical establishment or pharmaceutical companies to boost sales and create a diagnosable problem. It is the intent of this writer to put current knowledge into a perspective that shows CBD to be an addiction that stands on its own merit. The concepts known to be true about addiction will be covered along with what we understand about compulsive shopping. This writer believes that based on the evidence it will be clear that CBD is an addiction that manifests itself independently and as a part of a complex addictive process.According to The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (2012) addiction is defined as a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is char acterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. Compulsive Buying Disorder according to Black (2007) is characterized by excessive or poorly controlled preoccupations, urges or behaviors regarding shopping and spending, which lead to adverse consequences. Many will argue that these definitions are not enough to claim CBD to be a true addiction. However those in the middle of CBD can tell you that the behavior and feelings they experience stray far from a normal compulsion to shop. Compulsive ... ...the addiction category.Works CitedBlack, D. W. (2007) A Review of Compulsive Buying Disorder. World Psychiatry Journal. February 2007. 6(1) 14-18Bryner, J. (2008) The Truth about Shopaholics. Live Science. Retrieved from http//www.livescience.com/2338-truth-shopaholics.htmlCanadian Institute of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Addictions. (2012). The brain from top to bottom. Retrieved from http//thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_03/a_03_m/a_03_m_que/a_03_m_que.ht mlCarnes, P. (2011) Out of the Shadows Understanding Sexual Addiction (3rd ed.).Center City, MN Hazeldon PublishersHartley, E. (2020) Is Compulsive Shopping Really an Addiction. Retrieved from http//addictions.about.com/od/shoppingaddictio1/i/is_shopping_addiction_real_2.htmNational Institute on Drug Abuse (2012). Drug Abuse.gov. Retrieved from http//www.drugabuse.gov/